WATER POLLUTION
The contamination of water by foreign substances which would constitute a health hazard and make it harmful for all purposes (domestic, Industrial or agriculture etc.) is known as water pollution. The polluted water may have offensive odour, bad taste, unpleasant colour, murky oily etc.
In today's time i.e. even in 2021, there are many countries where the most polluted water is available such as Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Mexico and other countries.
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Sources of Water Pollution
We all know about water pollution, but many people do not know "What are water pollution causes", so today we will tell you in detail about water pollution causes.
(i) Domestic sewage: Discharges from kitchens, baths, lavatories etc.
(ii) Industrial waters: Wastes from manufacturing processes which includes acid, alkalies, pesticides, insecticides, metals like copper, Zinc, lead, mercury, fungicides etc.
(iii) Oil: From oil spills or washings of automobiles.
(iv) Atomic Explosion: The processing of radioactive materials.
(v) Suspended particles (organic or inorganic) viruses, bacterials algae protozoa etc.
(vi) Wastes from fertilizer plants such as phosphates, nitrates, ammonia etc.
(vii) Clay : Ores, minerals, fine particles of soil.
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Effects of Impurities in Water
Dissolved substances :-
(i) Hardness : Corrosive effect on boils ,alkalinity, laxative effect.
(ii) Fluorides : Mottling of teeth enamel, nervous skeleton disorder, above 1 mg/litre causes fluorosis.
(iii) Sulphates : Sulphates of Na, K, Mg causes diarrhoea.
(iv) Sodium chloride : It imparts bad taste to water.
(v) Iron and manganese : Stain fabrics, bad taste, modify colours.
(vi) Lead : It damages kidney, liver, brain and central nervous system.
(vii) Cadmium and Mercury : Cause Kidney damage.
(viii) Zn : Causes vomiting, dizziness and diarrhoea.
(ix) Arsenic : can cause cramps, paralysis and death.
(x) Phosphates from fertilizers : They promote algae growth and reduce D.O. concentration of water. This process is known as eutrophication.
(xi) Anionic detergents : (eg. alkyl benzene sulphonates, ABS) : They produce stable foam, stabilize colloidal impurities and inhibit oxidation of organic compounds like phenol. ABS is not biodegradable.
(xii) Hydrogen sulphide : Acidic, rotten-egg odour and corrosive to metals.
(xiii) Polychlorinated biphenyls : They are resistant to oxidation and cause skin disorders and are carcinogenic.
(xiv) Acid polluted water (pH<3) : H2SO4 produced by oxidation of Iron pyrites (FeS2) harmful to life.
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Suspended Impurities
(i) Parasitic worms : They cause infection.
(ii) Bacterias : Cause dysentery, typhoid, cholera
(iii) Viruses : Cause enteroviral infections
(iii) Algae : Cause foul odour, taste, turbidity
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International Standards for Drinking Water
|
S. NO |
Characteristics (mg/I) |
Acceptable limits |
Rejection limits |
|
1. |
pH value |
7 - 8.5 |
6.5 - 9.5 |
|
2. |
Total dissolved solids |
500 |
600 |
|
3. |
Total hardness (as CaCO3) |
200 |
1.5 |
|
4. |
Fluorides |
1.0 |
1000 |
|
5. |
Chlorides |
200 |
400 |
|
6. |
Sulphates |
200 |
45 |
|
7. |
Nitrates |
45 |
150 |
|
8. |
Magnesium |
30 |
200 |
|
9. |
Calcium |
75 |
15.0 |
|
10. |
Zinc |
5.0 |
200 |
|
11. |
Anionic detergents |
0.2 |
15.0 |
|
12. |
Iron |
0.1 |
1.0 |
|
13. |
Manganese / Copper |
0.05 |
0.5 |
|
14. |
Phenolic compounds |
0.001 |
0.002 |
|
15 |
Toxic Materials Eg : As, Cd, Cr, Se, Pb, CN |
0.005 - 0.001 |
0.05 - 0.001 |
Water Pollution Control
To prevent water pollution their are following steps :
(i) Recycling of waste water : by aeration and use of trickling filter.
(ii) Use of chemicals : Effective filtration and chlorination.
(iii) Special techniques : Such as adsorption, ion-exchangers, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, etc.
(iv) Waste-water reclamation : Sewage water can be directly used for irrigation and fish farms. Since it contains N, P and K.
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